The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …

This paper discusses the current evidence from animal and human studies for a central role
of inflammation in schizophrenia. In animal models, pre-or perinatal elicitation of the immune …

Kraepelin, in his early descriptions of schizophrenia (SZ), characterized the illness as having
“an orchestra without a conductor.” Kraepelin further speculated that this “conductor” was …

Viral infections during pregnancy have long been considered benign conditions with a few
notable exceptions, such as herpes virus. The recent Ebola outbreak and other viral …

High levels of pro-inflammatory substances such as cytokines have been described in the
blood and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients. Animal models of schizophrenia …

Abstract Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a persistent, and impairing
pediatric-onset neurodevelopmental condition. Its high prevalence, and recurrent …

Increasing evidence underlines that prototypical inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-
6) either synthesized in the central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) by resident …

The gut microbiome has a tremendous influence on human physiology, including the
nervous system. During fetal development, the initial colonization of the microbiome …

The developing brain is sensitive to a variety of insults. Epidemiological studies have
identified prenatal exposure to infection as a risk factor for a range of neurological disorders …

Mental illness modeling is still a major challenge for scientists. Animal models of
schizophrenia are essential to gain a better understanding of the disease etiopathology and …