Epidemiologic studies have previously suggested that premenopausal females have
reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when compared to age-matched males …

During pregnancy, the mother must adapt her body systems to support nutrient and oxygen
supply for growth of the baby in utero and during the subsequent lactation. These include …

Estrogens play a fundamental role in the physiology of the reproductive, cardiovascular,
skeletal, and central nervous systems. In this report, we review the literature in both rodents …

Adipose tissue is a complex, essential, and highly active metabolic and endocrine organ.
Besides adipocytes, adipose tissue contains connective tissue matrix, nerve tissue …

Background: Men and women differ substantially in regard to degrees of insulin resistance,
body composition, and energy balance. Adipose tissue distribution, in particular the …

The liver is one of the most essential organs involved in the regulation of energy
homeostasis. Hepatic steatosis, a major manifestation of metabolic syndrome, is associated …

The metabolic syndrome has reached pandemic level worldwide, and evidence is that
estradiol plays a key role in its development. The discovery of the second estrogen receptor …

Obesity, characterized by excessive adiposity, is a risk factor for many metabolic
pathologies, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Numerous studies have shown that …

Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that insulin resistance, a proximal cause of Type
II diabetes [a non‐insulin dependent form of diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)], is associated with …

Obesity increases the risk of coronary artery disease through insulin resistance, diabetes,
arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide …