During recent years, the biotic ligand model (BLM) has been proposed as a tool to evaluate
quantitatively the manner in which water chemistry affects the speciation and biological …

The biotic ligand model (BLM) is a mechanistic approach that greatly improves our ability to
generate site-specific ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for metals in the natural …

The biotic ligand model (BLM) is a numerical approach that couples chemical speciation
calculations with toxicological information to predict the toxicity of aquatic metals. This …

Recently, there has been renewed interest in the development and use of empirical models
to predict metal bioavailability and derive protective values for aquatic life. However, there is …

Efforts to incorporate bioavailability adjustments into regulatory water quality criteria in the
United States have included four major procedures: hardness‐based single‐linear …

Water quality criteria are the basis for formulating environmental water quality standards,
and are also an important part of environmental water protection and environmental …

Populations of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) are in decline in North America.
This is attributed, primarily, to poor recruitment, and white sturgeon are listed as threatened …

The hardness‐based regulatory approach for Cu prescribes an extrapolation of the toxicity‐
versus‐hardness relationship to low hardness (⩽ 50 mg/L as CaCO3). Hence, the objective …

Existing prescriptive guidance on the derivation of local water quality benchmarks (WQBs;
eg, guideline values, criteria, standards) for protecting aquatic ecosystems is limited to only …

The mitigating effect of increasing hardness on metal toxicity is reflected in water quality
criteria in the United States over the range of 25–400 mgl− 1 (as CaCO3). However, waters …