Ion pumps perform active transport of ions by using energy. The active transport mechanism
can be illustrated by the Panama Canal model, which considers two gates and a gain in …

Early research on the four microbial rhodopsins discovered in the archaeal Halobacterium
salinarum revealed a structural template that served as a scaffold for two different functions …

Parabrachial CGRP neurons receive diverse threat-related signals and contribute to multiple
phases of adaptive threat responses in mice, with their inactivation attenuating both …

The exquisite intricacies of neural circuits are fundamental to an animal's diverse and
complex repertoire of sensory and motor functions. The ability to precisely map neural …

The lateral central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA L) and the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the
stria terminalis (BNST DL) coordinate the expression of shorter-and longer-lasting fears …

Behavioral tasks involving auditory cues activate inhibitory neurons within auditory cortex,
leading to a reduction in the amplitude of auditory evoked response potentials (ERPs). One …

Monkeys are a premier model organism for neuroscience research. Activity in the central
nervous systems of monkeys can be recorded and manipulated while they perform complex …

The advent of optogenetic tools has had a profound impact on modern neuroscience
research, revolutionizing our understanding of the brain. These tools offer a remarkable …

Light-gated chloride channels are emerging as promising optogenetic tools for inhibition of
neural activity. However, their effects depend on the transmembrane chloride …

Optogenetic actuators with diverse spectral tuning, ion selectivity and kinetics are constantly
being engineered providing powerful tools for controlling neural activity with subcellular …