Airborne particulate matter (PM) comprises both solid and liquid particles, including carbon,
sulphates, nitrate, and toxic heavy metals, which can induce oxidative stress and …

Background Exposure to outdoor air pollution has been linked to lung cancer, and suspicion
arose regarding bladder, kidney, and urinary tract cancer (urological cancers). However …

Gout is a chronic disease with inflammatory arthritis caused by monosodium urate (MSU)
crystals deposition, an elevated serum urate level (hyperuricaemia) is the critical factor …

Background The association between incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage
renal disease (ESRD) and exposure to outdoor air pollution is under debate. We aimed to …

Particulate air pollution (PM) is a mixture of heterogenous components from natural and
anthropogenic sources and contributes to a variety of serious illnesses, including …

According to the WHO, about 3 million people die each year due to ambient air pollution.
Most of the in vivo studies on the PM 2.5 effects have been done on respiratory and …

Cigarettes are known as the most popular tobacco in the world. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in smoked and non-smoked cigarette butts …

Background Evidence of a causal relationship between long-term PM 2.5 exposure and
reduced kidney function is lacking in developing countries, and the potential moderating role …

Several lines of evidence point to an interaction between smoking and gender, whereas
their impact on other potential risk factors remains to be elucidated. Identifying such …

Few published studies have investigated the presence of lead in the e-liquid of electronic
nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Lead inhalation is associated with increased risk of …