Vascular calcification is an irreversible pathological process associated with a loss of
vascular wall function. This process occurs as a result of aging and age-related diseases …

Vascular calcification (VC) is characterized by calcium phosphate deposition in blood vessel
walls and is associated with many diseases, as well as increased cardiovascular morbidity …

Matrix vesicles (MVs) have shown strong effects in diseases such as vascular ectopic
calcification and pathological calcified osteoarthritis and in wound repair of the skeletal …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer‐enclosed nanosized particles released by all
cell types during physiological as well as pathophysiological processes to carry out diverse …

Mineralization-competent cells, including hypertrophic chondrocytes, mature osteoblasts,
and osteogenic-differentiated smooth muscle cells secrete media extracellular vesicles …

Vascular calcification (VC) is highly correlated with cardiovascular disease morbidity and
mortality, but anti-VC treatment remains an area to be tackled due to the ill-defined …

Osteoporosis is a widely observed condition characterized by the systemic deterioration of
bone mass and microarchitecture, which increases patient susceptibility to fragile fractures …

The invasion of etched dentinal tubules (DTs) by external substances induces dentin
hypersensitivity (DH). The deep and compact occlusion of DTs is highly desirable for treating …

Phenotypic switching (from contractile to synthetic) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)
is essential in the progression of atherosclerosis. The damaged endothelium in the …

While it is known that calcium phosphate (CaP) minerals deposit in elastin-rich medial layers
of arteries during medial calcification, their nucleation and growth sites are still debated …