Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

Background/Aim. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system.
Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune …

Signal transduction by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is central to host defence against many
pathogenic microorganisms and also underlies a large burden of human disease. Thus, the …

The majority of therapeutics target membrane proteins, accessible on the surface of cells, to
alter cellular signaling. Cells use membrane proteins to transduce signals into cells …

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of various pathological conditions
including insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver …

One of the fundamental mechanisms whereby the innate immune system coordinates
inflammatory signal transduction is through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which function to …

Axon injury in response to trauma or disease stimulates a self-destruction program that
promotes the localized clearance of damaged axon segments. Sterile alpha and …

Engineering mammalian cell-based devices that monitor and therapeutically modulate
human physiology is a promising and emerging frontier in clinical synthetic biology …

Over the last twenty years, evidence has been provided that the plasma membrane is
partitioned with microdomains, laterally mobile in the bilayer, providing the necessary …

Abstract Antiphospholipid Abs (APLAs) are associated with thrombosis and recurrent fetal
loss. These Abs are primarily directed against phospholipid-binding proteins, particularly …