The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During
wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while …

Ischemic stroke refers to the disorder of blood supply of local brain tissue caused by various
reasons. It has high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Astrocytes are the most abundant …

Aquaporin channels facilitate bidirectional water flow in all cells and tissues. AQP4 is highly
expressed in astrocytes. In the CNS, it is enriched in astrocyte endfeet, at synapses, and at …

Objective In the brain, protein waste removal is partly performed by paravascular pathways
that facilitate convective exchange of water and soluble contents between cerebrospinal …

According to the traditional understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology, the
majority of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles, the …

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a water channel expressed on astrocytic endfeet in the brain. The
role of AQP4 has been studied in health and in a range of pathological conditions. Interest in …

The belief that the vertebrate brain functions normally without classical lymphatic drainage
vessels has been held for many decades. On the contrary, new findings show that functional …

While multiple theories have been put forth regarding the origin of schizophrenia, by far the
vast majority of evidence points to the neurodevelopmental model in which developmental …

The Ca2+-binding protein of the EF-hand type, S100B, exerts both intracellular and
extracellular functions. Recent studies have provided more detailed information concerning …

Astrocyte-like cells, which act as stem cells in the adult brain, reside in a few restricted stem
cell niches. However, following brain injury, glia outside these niches acquire or reactivate …