Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are based on distinct mechanisms and are clinically
heterogeneous. Taking into account that also off‐target activities of drugs may lead to …

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common cause for drug withdrawal from the
market and although infrequent, DILI can result in serious clinical outcomes including acute …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are proteins produced by bacteria of the Clostridium family.
Upon oral ingestion, BoNT causes the neuroparalytic syndrome botulism. There are seven …

Although idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions are rare, they are still a major concern to
patient safety. Reactive metabolites are widely accepted as playing a pivotal role in the …

Serum albumin (Alb) is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. Alb reacts with many
carcinogens and/or their electrophilic metabolites. Studies conducted over 20 years ago …

Drug-induced liver injury includes a spectrum of pathologies, some related to the mode of
injury, some to the cell type primarily damaged. Among these, drug-induced bile duct injury …

Chronic drug-induced liver injury (DILI), defined as DILI with persistent liver injury more than
one year after the first onset by the latest European guidelines, is a notable challenge …

Contact sensitization is common and affects up to 20% of the general population. The
clinical manifestation of contact sensitization is allergic contact dermatitis. This is a clinical …

Neoantigen formation due to the interaction of drug molecules with human leukocyte antigen
(HLA)-peptide complexes can lead to severe hypersensitivity reactions. Flucloxacillin (FLX) …

Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) range from relatively common, mild reactions to rarer,
potentially life-threatening adverse effects that pose significant risks to both human health …