Global net anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the last decade (2010–
2019) were higher than at any previous time in human history (high confidence). Since …

In an integrated global economy, trade policy and climate policy are closely intertwined. This
paper adopts an interdisciplinary approach to provide an overview of the key debates in …

Abstract The European Union (EU) plans to activate a carbon border adjustment mechanism
(CBAM) in January 2023. This is meant to secure fair competition for European energy …

The rapid expansion of e-commerce has revolutionised glob-al trade and connectivity,
bringing forth both opportunities and challenges for sustainable growth in European Union …

Have rich countries improved their environments by importing polluting goods? No, the mix
of goods imported has shifted towards those from cleaner industries, not dirtier. Has …

Abstract The European Union (EU) will implement a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
(CBAM) to reach its climate mitigation targets while avoiding the relocation of its industries to …

We analyse the international impact on carbon emissions from national climate legislation in
111 countries over 1996–2018. We estimate trade-related carbon leakage, or net carbon …

The AR5 was published in 2014. The Paris Agreement and the 17 Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015. An increasing number of countries have since …

Countries are increasingly willing to implement climate policy. However, many countries
prefer policy instruments other than carbon pricing. In this paper, we implement carbon …

Abstract The European Commission has proposed a carbon border adjustment mechanism
(CBAM) that would apply the carbon price prevailing in the EU emissions trading system to …