Striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are central for the processing and reinforcement of
reward‐related behaviors that are negatively affected in states of altered dopamine …

The self-administration model is the primary non-clinical approach for assessing the
reinforcing properties of novel compounds. Given the now frequent use of rats in self …

A spirited and thought-provoking history of the vast changes that transformed Europe during
the 1,000-year span of the Middle Ages The millennium between the breakup of the western …

The substantial health risk posed by obesity and compulsive drug use has compelled a
serious research effort to identify the neurobiological substrates that underlie the …

The discovery and development of medications to treat addiction and notably, cocaine
addiction, have been frustrated by both the complexity of the disorder and the lack of target …

Acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter discovered, participates in many CNS functions,
including sensory and motor processing, sleep, nociception, mood, stress response …

Stimulant drugs acting at the dopamine transporter (DAT), like cocaine, are widely abused,
yet effective medical treatments for this abuse have not been found. Analogs of benztropine …

Previous studies demonstrated that analogs of benztropine (BZT) possess high affinity for
the dopamine transporter, inhibit dopamine uptake, but generally have behavioral effects …

Exposure to drug-associated cues evokes drug-seeking behavior and is regarded as a
major cause of relapse. Cues evoke burst firing of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine …

The cholinergic system plays important roles in both learning and addiction. Medications
that modify cholinergic tone can have pronounced effects on behaviors reinforced by natural …