Similar forms often evolve repeatedly in nature, raising long-standing questions about the
underlying mechanisms. Here, we use repeated evolution in stickleback to identify a large …

Background Heteromorphic sex chromosomes have evolved repeatedly across diverse
species. Suppression of recombination between X and Y chromosomes leads to …

Diadromy, the predictable movements of individuals between marine and freshwater
environments, is biogeographically and phylogenetically widespread across fishes. Thus …

The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is an important model system for the
study of parallel evolution in the wild, having repeatedly colonized and adapted to …

The attention given to heteromorphism and genetic degeneration of “classical sex
chromosomes”(Y chromosomes in XY systems, and the W in ZW systems that were studied …

Population genetic theory predicts that small effective population sizes (N e) and restricted
gene flow limit the potential for local adaptation. In particular, the probability of evolving …

How consistent are the evolutionary trajectories of sex chromosomes shortly after they form?
Insights into the evolution of recombination, differentiation, and degeneration can be …

Chromosomal fusions are hypothesized to facilitate adaptation to divergent environments,
both by bringing together previously unlinked adaptive alleles and by creating regions of low …

Sex chromosomes vary greatly in their age and levels of differentiation across the tree of life.
This variation is largely due to the rates of sex chromosome turnover in different lineages; …

Inbreeding depression refers to the reduced fitness of offspring produced by genetically‐
related individuals and is expected to be rare in large, outbred populations. When it occurs …