Down syndrome (also known as trisomy 21) is the model human phenotype for all genomic
gain dosage imbalances, including microduplications. The functional genomic exploration of …

Down syndrome (DS) is associated with abnormalities in multiple organ systems and a
characteristic phenotype that includes numerous behavioral features. Language, however …

On average, language and communication characteristics of individuals with Down
syndrome (the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability) follow a consistent …

Although there is considerable variability, most individuals with Down syndrome have
mental retardation and speech and language deficits, particularly in language production …

Environmental enrichment (EE) is known to profoundly affect the central nervous system
(CNS) at the functional, anatomical and molecular level, both during the critical period and …

Designed to be used in tandem with the Understanding Pathophysiology, 5th Edition
textbook, this study guide provides an in-depth review of the most important pathophysiology …

Dyrk1A (dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A) is a
serine/threonine kinase essential for brain development and function, and its excessive …

Cryptorchidism is the most frequent congenital birth defect in male children (2–4% in full-
term male births), and it has the potential to impact the health of the human male. In fact …

During nervous system development, spinal commissural axons project toward and across
the ventral midline. They are guided in part by netrin-1, made by midline cells, which attracts …

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of
chromosome 21. DS affects multiple organs, but it invariably results in altered brain …