Normal cells explore multiple states to survive stresses encountered during development
and self-renewal as well as environmental stresses such as starvation, DNA damage, toxins …

Harnessing the process of natural selection to obtain and understand new microbial
phenotypes has become increasingly possible due to advances in culturing techniques …

BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing, driven by widespread
antibiotic use. The wide availability of effective antibiotics is under threat, jeopardizing …

Since the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs
categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the …

Extensive efforts have been directed at the discovery, investigation and clinical monitoring of
targeted therapeutics. These efforts may be facilitated by the convenient access of the …

Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an intrinsic part of the human innate immune
system. Over 100 different human AMPs are known to exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial …

After decades of discovery, inherited variations have been identified in approximately 20
genes that affect about 80 medications and are actionable in the clinic. And some …

Widespread drug resistance has become the key issue in global healthcare. Extensive
efforts have been made to reveal not only diverse diseases experiencing drug resistance …

Resistance of the Enterobacteriaceae to antibiotics, especially of the β lactam type, is
increasingly dominated by the mobilization of continuously expressed single genes that …

Predicting the future is difficult, especially for evolutionary processes that are influenced by
numerous unknown factors. Still, this is what is required of drug developers when they …