Photosynthetic oxygen evolution by photosystem II requires water supply into the chloroplast
to reach the thylakoid lumen. A rapid water flow is also required into the chloroplast for …

Immunophilins occur in almost all living organisms. They are ubiquitously expressed
proteins including cyclophilins, FK506/rapamycin-binding proteins, and parvulins. Their …

Vesicle transport occurs in the cytosol through a COPI, COPII and clathrin coated vesicle
system for transport of lipids and proteins to different subcellular compartments. All three …

Background: In plants, vesicle transport occurs in the secretory pathway in the cytosol,
between the membranes of different compartments. Several protein components have been …

Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis using PSI and PSII during its light-dependent phase.
Inside the chloroplast there is a membrane called thylakoid. The thylakoid membranes are …

Plants contain large numbers of proteases that fulfil a wide range of functions. Cysteine
proteases and their endogenous inhibitors, phytocystatins, are involved in the control of …

Pheophytin (Pheo) a is an indispensable molecule in photosystem (PS) II, and is a product
in the first step of Chlorophyll (Chl) degradation as well. So, it is seemingly suggested that …

Life as we know it today is the result of successful adaptation and evolution throughout
billions of years. In the beginning of this process, our planet had a toxic and warmer …

The biogenesis of plant organelles is a highly regulated and dynamic process that is still
poorly understood. In particular, the differentiation of proplastids to chloroplasts is an …

Plastids are semi-autonomous organoids that give plant cells the ability to photosynthesize.
They retain their own genome which works in tight coordination with the nuclear genome of …