Understanding of changes in thyroid function and the consequences of thyroid disease
during pregnancy has rapidly grown in the past two decades, and revised American Thyroid …

Objective To determine whether overt/subclinical hypothyroidism and/or thyroid
autoimmunity is associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and whether treatment …

Background: Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Since the
guidelines for the management of these disorders by the American Thyroid Association …

• In this guideline, recurrent miscarriage has been defined as three or more first trimester
miscarriages. However, clinicians are encouraged to use their clinical discretion to …

Background Despite some studies indicating that thyroid antibody positivity during
pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, evidence regarding the …

Purpose We herein aimed to review the new insights into the impact of impaired thyroid
function on male and female fertility, spacing from spontaneous pregnancy to ART, with the …

Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is prevalent amongst women of reproductive age. TAI describes
the presence of circulating anti-thyroid autoantibodies that are targeted against the thyroid …

Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a fetus before it is viable, occurring at a rate of 15–
20%. Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) or habitual miscarriage is defined as repeated …

Background: Thyroid autoimmunity has been associated with pregnancy loss. Suggested
mechanisms include thyroid function aberrations or an underlying breach of …

Thyroid hormones are essential for an adequate growth and development of the fetus. In
addition to the classical association between maternal hypothyroidism and neurological …