Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to
study the motivational effects of drugs and non‐drug treatments in experimental animals …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a plant native to Southeast Asia, are increasingly
used as a pain reliever and for attenuation of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Using the tools of …

Recent evidence suggests that rewarding and aversive stimuli affect the same brain areas,
including medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Although nucleus accumbens is …

Rationale Exposure to inescapable stressors increases both the rewarding properties and
self-administration of cocaine through the signaling of the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR), but …

Family, adoption and twin data each support substantial heritability for addictions. Most of
this heritable influence is not substance-specific. The overlapping genetic vulnerability for …

This review represents the focus of a symposium that was presented at the “Alcoholism and
Stress: A Framework for Future Treatment Strategies” conference in Volterra, Italy on May 3 …

During withdrawal from cocaine, calcium permeable-AMPA receptors (CP-AMPAR)
progressively accumulate in nucleus accumbens (NAc) synapses, a phenomenon linked to …

Sigma receptors modulate nociception, offering a potential therapeutic target to treat pain,
but relatively little is known regarding the role of sigma-2 receptors (S2R) in nociception. The …

Chronic opioid intake leads to several brain changes involved in the development of
dependence, whereby an early hedonistic effect (liking) extends to the need to self …