Rationale Interstrain differences in the motivational properties of morphine and heroin have
been previously reported in mice, suggesting the involvement of a genotype-dependent …

Abstract Rationale The C57BL/6J (C57) and DBA/2J (DBA) mice are the most common
genotypes used to identify chromosomal regions and neurochemical mechanisms of interest …

Much interest has been piqued regarding the quality of one's environment at early ages in
modulating the susceptibility to drug addiction in adulthood. However, the molecular …

Background: Pleasure and reward are critical features of alcohol drinking that are difficult to
measure in animal studies. Intracranial self‐stimulation (ICSS) is a behavioral method for …

C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mice are well known to differentially express a number of
behavioral phenotypes, including anxiety-like behavior, fear conditioning, and drug self …

Cocaine addiction has become a major concern in the UK as Britain tops the European
'league table'for cocaine abuse. Despite its devastating health and socio‐economic …

Background A great number of studies have investigated changes induced by morphine
exposure in gene expression using several experimental models. In this study, we examined …

Inhibition of Gβγ-subunit signaling to phospholipase C β3 has been shown to potentiate
morphine-mediated antinociception while attenuating the development of tolerance and …

Background Immediate early gene (IEG) induction elicited by drugs of abuse may contribute
to development of plastic changes in the brain responsible for drug-induced behavioral …

Neural circuits implicated in drug conditioning, craving and relapse overlap extensively with
those involved in natural reward and reinforcement. To determine whether specificity could …