Clostridium botulinum, a polyphyletic Gram-positive taxon of bacteria, is classified purely by
their ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). BoNT is the primary virulence factor …

In recent years, numerous studies have highlighted the significant use of botulinum
neurotoxins (BoNTs) in the human therapy of various motor and autonomic disorders. The …

Depression is one of the complications in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
that leads to considerable mental health. Accumulating evidence suggests that human gut …

Depression is one of the common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the
clinic, botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) has been used to treat depression. In this study, we …

Chronic pain affects one in five people across human societies, with few therapeutic options
available. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) can provide long-lasting pain relief by inhibiting …

Two decades after reports of the anti-pruritic effects of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), there
is still no approved product for the anti-itch indication of BoNTs, and most clinical case …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of neurotoxins produced by Clostridia and other
bacteria that induce botulism. BoNTs are internalized into nerve terminals at the site of …

The purpose of this study was to clarify the association between improvement of spasticity in
hemiplegic patient's upper extremity with Botulinum toxin injection and improvement in …

Background Botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) is increasingly used to manage painful
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, the effect of BTX‐A on muscular TMD …

This study was designed to investigate the analgesic effect of perineural injection of BoNT/A
on neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) and possible …