Venous malformations (VMs) are the most common vascular developmental anomalies
(birth defects). These defects are caused by developmental arrest of the venous system …

Venous drainage of the spine and spinal cord is accomplished through a complex network
of venous structures compartmentalized to intrinsic, extrinsic, and extradural systems. As the …

Background The role of the extracranial venous system in the pathology of central nervous
system (CNS) disorders and aging is largely unknown. It is acknowledged that the …

Multiple Sclerosis is a multifactorial disease with several pathogenic mechanisms and
pathways. Successful MS management and medical care requires early accurate diagnosis …

Objective: We report the results of the investigation of safety and efficacy of venous
angioplasty in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with findings of extracranial venous …

Dysfunction in the epithelium, breakdown of the blood–brain barrier, and consequent
leukocyte and T-cell infiltration into the central nervous system define Vascular Multiple …

The extra-cranial venous system is complex and not well studied in comparison to the
peripheral venous system. A newly proposed vascular condition, named chronic …

A consensus on venous flow quantification using echo spectral Doppler sonography is
lacking. Doppler sonography data from 83 healthy individuals were examined using …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a
vascular condition characterized by anomalies of the main extracranial cerebrospinal …

The extracranial venous system is complex and variable between individuals. Until recently,
these variations were acknowledged as developmental variants and were not considered …