The HIV genome encodes a small number of viral proteins (ie, 16), invariably establishing
cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host proteins, to invade …

The accessory protein Nef of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a primary determinant
of viral pathogenesis. Nef is abundantly expressed during infection and reroutes a variety of …

Tetherin is an IFN-inducible transmembrane protein that inhibits the detachment of
enveloped viruses from infected cells. HIV-1 overcomes this restriction factor by expressing …

Transferrin Receptor (TfR1) is the cell-surface receptor that regulates iron uptake into cells, a
process that is fundamental to life. However, TfR1 also facilitates the cellular entry of multiple …

Retroviruses have an intricate life cycle. There is much to be learned from studying retrovirus-
host interactions. Among retroviruses, the primate lentiviruses have one of the more complex …

Abstract Tetherin (BST2/CD317) has emerged as a key host cell defense molecule,
inhibiting the release and spread of diverse enveloped virions from infected cells. In this …

Through the combined action of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes, conjugation of
ubiquitin to a target protein acts as a reversible post-translational modification functionally …

Most simian immunodeficiency viruses use their Nef protein to antagonize the host
restriction factor tetherin. A deletion in human tetherin confers Nef resistance, representing a …

The interferon-inducible restriction factor tetherin (also known as CD317, BST-2 or HM1. 24)
has emerged as a key component of the antiviral immune response. Initially, tetherin was …

ABSTRACT HIV-1 Nef and Vpu are thought to optimize virus replication in the infected host,
at least in part via their ability to interfere with vesicular host cell trafficking. Despite the use …