Simple Summary Grimace scales for laboratory animals were first reported ten years ago.
Yet, despite their promise as pain assessment tools it appears that they have not been …

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a sustained and nonreversible condition characterized by long-
term devastating physical and psychological damage. Therefore, it is urgent to identify an …

Background Capsaicin (CAP) has an anti-obesity effect that has been shown to involve the
transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channel. Importantly, recent studies in high …

Stress refers to a dynamic process in which the homeostasis of an organism is challenged,
the outcome depending on the type, severity, and duration of stressors involved, the stress …

The Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) activity influences metabolic, behavioral and intestinal
disorders through the cleavage of key hormones and peptides. Some studies describe the …

Pain measures traditionally used in rodents record mere reflexes evoked by sensory stimuli;
the results thus may not fully reflect the human pain phenotype. Alterations in physical and …

Chronic pain induced by endometriosis is a maladaptive pain experienced by half of women
with this disease. The lack of pharmacological treatments suitable for the long-term relief of …

Neurological and psychiatric patients have increased dramatically in number in the past few
decades. However, effective treatments for these diseases and disorders are limited due to …

Current treatment options for chronic pain are often associated with dose-limiting toxicities,
or lead to drug tolerance or addiction. Here, we describe a pain management strategy …

Background Abdominal migraine (AM) is a common cause of chronic and recurrent
abdominal pain in children. It is characterized by paroxysms of moderate to severe …