Mammals are diagnosed by more than 30 osteological characters (eg squamosal-dentary
jaw joint, three inner ear ossicles, etc.) that are readily preserved in the fossil record …

All modern mammals are descendants of the paraphyletic non-mammaliaform Synapsida,
colloquially referred to as the “mammal-like reptiles.” It has long been assumed that these …

Sauropodomorph dinosaurs dominated the herbivorous niches during the first 40 million
years of dinosaur history (Late Triassic–Early Jurassic), yet palaeobiological factors that …

Lumkuia fuzzi is a small non-mammalian cynodont from the Middle Triassic of South Africa. It
has traditionally been phylogenetically identified as a basal Probainognathia, but some …

Prozostrodon brasiliensis and Therioherpeton cargnini are non‐mammaliaform cynodonts
that lived~ 233 million years ago (late Carnian, Late Triassic) in western Gondwana. They …

The anterior end of the mammalian face is characteristically composed of a semimotile nose,
not the upper jaw as in other tetrapods. Thus, the therian nose is covered ventrolaterally by …

The evolution of semi-independent modules is hypothesized to underlie the functional
diversification of serially repeating (metameric) structures. The mammal vertebral column is …

Abstract Triassic cynodonts from South America are key taxa in the investigation of the
emergence of mammalian characters. One of the most iconic species from the Carnian is …

The genus Macrocnemus is a member of the Tanystropheidae, a clade of non-
archosauriform archosauromorphs well known for their very characteristic, elongated …

We suggest that mammalian endothermy was established amongst Middle Jurassic crown
mammals, through reviewing state‐of‐the‐art fossil and living mammal studies. This is …