The norepinephrine neurons in locus coeruleus (LC-NE neurons) are essential for sleep
arousal, pain sensation, and cocaine addiction. According to previous studies, cocaine …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous
system, resulting in demyelination and an array of neurological manifestations. Recently …

The association between sleep and pain has been investigated widely. However,
inconsistent results from animal studies compared with human data show the need for a …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause acute and chronic pain along with motor, cognitive,
and emotional problems. Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, previous studies …

Chronic pain is recognized as an important problem in communities. The locus coeruleus
(LC) with extensive ascending and descending projections has a critical role in modulating …

Background The locus coeruleus (LC) is the principal source of noradrenaline (NA) in the
central nervous system. Projection neurons in the ventral portion of the LC project to the …

Pain-sensitive structures in the head and neck, including the scalp, periosteum, meninges,
and blood vessels, are innervated predominantly by the trigeminal and upper cervical …

The purpose of this focused review is to develop a consolidated hypothesis as to the causes
and mechanisms of central sensitization and a related model for a treatment approach using …

Background & Aims Tricyclic antidepressants are effective in reducing symptoms of
functional dyspepsia (FD). We performed a post hoc analysis of data from a previous …

The treatment of neuropathic pain remains a clinical challenge. Analgesic drugs and
antidepressants are frequently ineffective, and opioids may induce side effects, including …