In this paper, for the first time, empirical formulas have been reported of the Delta and
Omicron strains of SARS-CoV-2. The empirical formula of the Delta strain entire virion was …

Until quite recently and since the late 19th century, medical microbiology has been based on
the assumption that some micro-organisms are pathogens and others are not. This binary …

Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) is the second most common cause of vaginitis after bacterial
vaginosis, and it is diagnosed in up to 40% of women with vaginal complaints in the primary …

The abundance of gut commensals has historically been associated with health-promoting
effects despite the fact that the definition of good or bad microbiota remains condition …

Diseases caused by Chlamydia are based on intense and chronic inflammation elicited and
maintained by reinfection or persistent infection. The traditional view in the field is that …

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is undoubtedly a vital “One Health” challenge underpinned
by the interdependence of humans, animals, and the environment. The consequences of …

As zoonotic pathogens are threatening public health globally, the virulence factor genes
(VFGs) they carry underlie latent risk in the environment. However, profiling VFGs in the …

Over the past decade there has been an increasing awareness of the role played by
commensal bacteria in modulating mucosal immune responses and as a consequence …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are evolutionary well-conserved nano-sized membranous
vesicles that are secreted by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Recently, they have …

Candida species are both opportunistic fungal pathogens and common members of the
human mycobiome. Over the years, the main focus of the fungal field has been on …