N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) is the most abundant dipeptide in the brain, where it
acts as a neuromodulator of glutamatergic synapses by activating presynaptic metabotropic …

Neuroscientists have devoted efforts to explore potential brain recovery after prolonged
abstinence in heroin users (HU). However, not much is known about whether frontostriatal …

Drug withdrawal elicits immune responses that contribute to the development of withdrawal
symptoms and relapse. The understanding of the immunologic dynamics after drug …

Spatial ability is a powerful systematic source of individual differences in the areas of
science, technology, engineering, and technology (STEM). Abundant research has …

Opioid withdrawal generates extremely unpleasant physical symptoms and negative
affective states. A rapid relief of opioid withdrawal-induced anxiety has obvious clinical …

Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation play important roles in regulating gene
expression and may mediate neuroplasticity and lead to drug-induced aberrant behaviors …

Buprenorphine, which has been approved for the treatment of opioid dependence, reduces
cocaine consumption by co-activating μ-opioid receptors and nociceptin/orphanin FQ …

2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2F-DCK), a structural analog of ketamine, has been reported to
cause impaired consciousness, agitation, and hallucination in abuse cases. It has similar …

Objective: Substance use disorders are associated with significant cognitive impairments
causing many individual or social problems besides poor treatment outcomes. The cognitive …

Background: The recreational use of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is associated with
frequent overdoses, coma and the risk of developing GHB use disorder (GUD). Several …