After more than two decades of preclinical and clinical studies, on August 27, 2019, the US
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist …

Background Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common, disabling symptom of Parkinson's disease
(PD), but the mechanisms and treatments of FOG remain great challenges for clinicians and …

Compared to other neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD) is distinctive in
terms of marked symptomatic variability and prognosis, as well as for the wide variety of …

Introduction It is now accepted that Parkinson's disease (PD) is not simply due to
dopaminergic dysfunction, and there is interest in developing non-dopaminergic …

Dopamine (DA) receptor, a significant G protein-coupled receptor, is classified into two
families: D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4) receptor families, with further …

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease which is associated with different
motor, cognitive and mood-related problems. Though it has been established that …

Background Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common gait deficit in Parkinson's disease. The New
Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOG‐Q) is a widely used and valid tool to quantify freezing …

Motor symptoms are a core feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and cause a significant
burden on patients' quality of life. Oral levodopa is still the most effective treatment, however …

Adenosine A 2A receptor antagonism is a new therapeutic strategy in the symptomatic
treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). This review addresses how adenosine A 2A …

Glutamatergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems play a critical role in
the basal ganglia circuitry. Targeting these non-dopaminergic receptors remains a focus of …