Importance Ipilimumab and other immune therapies are effective treatment options for
patients with advanced melanoma but cause frequent immune-related toxic effects …

A combination of anti–CTLA-4 plus anti–PD-1/PD-L1 is the most effective cancer
immunotherapy but causes high incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Here …

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious therapeutic challenge and targeted
therapies only provide a modest benefit in terms of overall survival. Novel approaches are …

Immune check point blockade therapy has revolutionized the standard of cancer treatment
and is credited with producing remarkable tumor remissions and increase in overall survival …

The immune system is capable of recognizing tumors and eliminates many early malignant
cells. However, tumors evolve to evade immune attack, and the tumor microenvironment is …

CD28 and CTLA-4 are both important stimulatory receptors for the regulation of T cell
activation. Because receptors share common ligands, B7. 1 and B7. 2, the expression and …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been changing the paradigm of cancer treatment.
However, immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) have also increased with the exponential …

Cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte associated protein‐4 (CTLA‐4) and the Programmed Death
Receptor 1 (PD‐1) are immune checkpoint molecules that are well‐established targets of …

Dysfunctional T cells can render the immune system unable to eliminate infections and
cancer. Therapeutic targeting of the surface receptors that inhibit T cell function has begun to …

The protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of
immune responses, and its loss causes fatal autoimmunity in mice. We studied a large family …