Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a negative costimulatory receptor critical for the
suppression of T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Single cell imaging elucidated a …

Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies have successfully elicited durable tumor regression in the clinic;
however, long-term benefit is limited to a subset of patients for select cancer indications. The …

PD-1–PD-L1 interaction is known to drive T cell dysfunction, which can be blocked by anti-
PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. However, studies have also shown that the function of the PD-1–PD …

Within tumors, some areas are less oxygenated than others. Since their home ground is
under chronic hypoxia, tumor cells adapt to this condition by activating aerobic glycolysis; …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of T cell
immune responses whose mechanism of action is the subject of debate. CTLA-4 shares two …

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4),
programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), or programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) have …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a remarkable treatment option for diverse
cancer types. However, a significant number of patients on checkpoint inhibitors develop …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen–4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory receptor found on immune cells.
The consequences of mutations in CTLA4 in humans are unknown. We identified germline …

Combination therapy concurrently targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints leads to
remarkable antitumor effects. Although both PD-1 and CTLA-4 dampen the T cell activation …

The success of tumor immunotherapy targeting the inhibitory co-receptors PD-1 and CTLA-4
has indicated that many other co-receptors might be potential druggable targets, despite …