The protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of
immune responses, and its loss causes fatal autoimmunity in mice. We studied a large family …

Among the most promising approaches to activating therapeutic antitumour immunity is the
blockade of immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoints refer to a plethora of inhibitory …

The pathogenesis of allergic diseases entails an ineffective tolerogenic immune response to
allergens. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a key role in sustaining immune tolerance to …

Co-inhibitory receptors are important regulators of T-cell function that define the balance
between tolerance and autoimmunity. The immune regulatory function of co-inhibitory …

Activating the immune system for therapeutic benefit in cancer has long been a goal in
immunology and oncology. After decades of disappointment, the tide has finally changed …

Although many human cancers such as melanoma express tumor antigens recognized by T
cells, host immune responses often fail to control tumor growth for as yet unexplained …

The primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) include many genetic disorders that affect
different components of the innate and adaptive responses. The number of distinct genetic …

Inhibitory receptors on immune cells are pivotal regulators of immune escape in cancer.
Among these inhibitory receptors, CTLA-4 (targeted clinically by ipilimumab) serves as a …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including those targeting the programmed cell death
1/programmed cell death ligand 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 pathways, are …

Monoclonal antibodies directed against the immune checkpoint protein cytotoxic T-
lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4; CD152)—ipilimumab and tremelimumab—have been …