Plant-parasitic-nematodes represent a major threat to the agricultural production of different
crops worldwide. Due to the high toxicity of chemical nematicides, it is necessary to develop …

Biotic stress is caused by harmful microbes that prevent plants from growing normally and
also having numerous negative effects on agriculture crops globally. Many biotic factors …

Systemic fungicide use has increased over the last decades, despite the susceptibility of
resistance development and the side effects to human health and the environment. Although …

Abiotic stresses in soil occur due to high salinity, temperature, drought, heavy metals, and
nutrients inhibit the functions of plants and cause a reduction in crop productivity. The …

Plants have benefited from interactions with symbionts for coping with challenging
environments since the colonisation of land. The mechanisms of symbiont-mediated …

Salinity is one of the significant abiotic stresses that negatively affect plant production
processes, growth, and development, which ultimately reduce yield. Plants adapt specific …

Environmental stresses can compromise the interactions of plants with beneficial microbes.
In the present review, experimental results showing that stresses negatively affect the …

Microbes are ubiquitous in nature, and plant-microbe interactions are a key strategy for
colonizing diverse habitats. Fungi are producing a wide range of secondary metabolites and …

Barley seeds need to be able to germinate and establish seedlings in saline soils in
Mediterranean-type climates. Despite being a major cereal crop, barley has few reported …

Orchids are associated with diverse fungal taxa, including nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi
as well as mycorrhizal fungi. The orchid mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis is an excellent model …