Stochastic thermodynamics as reviewed here systematically provides a framework for
extending the notions of classical thermodynamics such as work, heat and entropy …

Living systems operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Enzymatic activity can induce
broken detailed balance at the molecular scale. This molecular scale breaking of detailed …

Biomolecular systems like molecular motors or pumps, transcription and translation
machinery, and other enzymatic reactions, can be described as Markov processes on a …

Measurement science has been converging to smaller and smaller samples, such that it is
now possible to detect single molecules. This Review focuses on the next generation of …

The reason we never observe violations of the second law of thermodynamics is a matter of
statistics: When very many degrees of freedom are involved, the odds are overwhelmingly …

Nanofluidics has emerged recently in the footsteps of microfluidics, following the quest for
scale reduction inherent to nanotechnologies. By definition, nanofluidics explores transport …

Since their invention in 1986 by Arthur Ashkin and colleagues, optical tweezers have
become an essential tool in several fields of physics, spectroscopy, biology …

The theory of large deviations is concerned with the exponential decay of probabilities of
large fluctuations in random systems. These probabilities are important in many fields of …

It has been over 20 years since the pioneering work of Arthur Ashkin, and in the intervening
years, the field of optical tweezers has grown tremendously. Optical tweezers are now being …

For fluctuating currents in nonequilibrium steady states, the recently discovered
thermodynamic uncertainty relation expresses a fundamental relation between their …