The presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number
of medical conditions; however, the subject remains controversial and no official statements …

tion by TCD does not necessarily imply the presence of a PFO. Any right-to-left shunt such
as that resulting from ventricular septal defect or intrapulmonary shunt may result in the …

The aim of this updated statement is to provide comprehensive and timely evidence-based
recommendations on the prevention of ischemic stroke among survivors of ischemic stroke …

This article represents the update of the European Stroke Initiative Recommendations for
Stroke Management. These guidelines cover both ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic …

This article represents the update of the European Stroke Initiative Recommendations for
Stroke Management. These guidelines cover both ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic …

Background Studies to date have shown an association between the presence of patent
foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke in patients younger than 55 years of age. This …

Background In patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO)–associated stroke, the presence of
large shunt or atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) has been suggested to convey a high risk of …

Background—Patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack presumably related
to patent foramen ovale (PFO) are at risk for recurrent cerebrovascular events. Differences in …

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a normal fetal communication between the right and left atria
that persists after birth. PFO is a common finding that occurs in 20–34% of the population …

Congenital heart disease is common, occurring in 8 of 1000 live births. 1 With the successes
in cardiothoracic surgery over the past 3 decades and the ongoing improvements in the …