The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and
protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells and their …

The most prevalent diseases of our time, non-communicable diseases (NCDs)(including
obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer) are rising …

Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) are the key antigen sampling and adaptive immune
inductive sites within the intestinal wall. Human GALT includes the multi-follicular Peyer's …

Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the dominant antibody class in mucosal secretions. The majority of
plasma cells producing IgA are located within mucosal membranes lining the intestines …

Choices have consequences. Immune cells survey and migrate throughout the body and
sometimes take residence in niche environments with distinct communities of cells …

Innate immunity is maintained in part by antigen presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic
cells, macrophages, and B cells. APCs interact with T cells to link innate and adaptive …

Macrophages are highly heterogeneous tissue-resident immune cells that perform a variety
of tissue-supportive functions. The current paradigm dictates that intestinal macrophages are …

The germinal center (GC) is a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid
tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which …

Following infection or vaccination, activated B cells at extrafollicular sites or within germinal
centers (GCs) undergo vigorous clonal proliferation. Proliferating lymphocytes have been …

The intestinal tract is the largest digestive organ in the human body. It is colonized by, and
consistently exposed to, a myriad of microorganisms, including bifidobacteria, lactobacillus …