In this overview, we summarize the findings of the literature with regards to physiology and
pathophysiology of ultra-marathon running. The number of ultra-marathon races and the …

Athletes competing in ultra-endurance sports should manage nutritional issues, especially
with regards to energy and fluid balance. An ultra-endurance race, considered a duration of …

The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the participation and performance trends at the
'100 km Lauf Biel'in Switzerland from 1998 to 2010, and (2) to compare the age-related …

Although expert groups have developed guidelines for fluid intake during sports, there is
debate about their real-world application. We reviewed the literature on self-selected …

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is defined as a plasma sodium concentration of<
135 mmol/L during or after endurance and ultra-endurance performance and was first …

Hydration guidelines found in the scientific and popular literature typically advise that body
mass losses beyond 2% should be avoided during exercise. In this work, we demonstrate …

This study examined whether urine dipstick testing might be useful to predict the
development of acute kidney injury after an ultramarathon. Participants in the 2011 161-km …

Purpose The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of
participation in a 3-day multistage ultraendurance triathlon (stage 1= 10 km swim, 144.8 km …

Purpose To prevent heat-related illnesses, guidelines recommend limiting core body
temperature (T c)≤ 38° C during thermal stress. Copeptin, a surrogate for arginine …

The monitoring of body mass, plasma sodium [Na+] and urinary specific gravity (Usg) are
commonly used to help detect and prevent over-or dehydration in endurance athletes. We …