The discovery of insulin in 1921 revolutionized the treatment of diabetes and paved the way
for numerous studies on hormone signalling networks and actions in peripheral tissues and …

Cancer is the second leading cause of human death globally. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is
one of the most frequently dysregulated signaling pathways observed in cancer patients that …

A common feature of cancer cells is their ability to rewire their metabolism to sustain the
production of ATP and macromolecules needed for cell growth, division and survival. In …

Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B
(PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important bridge in the switch
from extracellular signals to intracellular responses. Alterations of signaling cascades are …

There is a need to develop effective therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA),
a highly lethal malignancy with increasing incidence and poor prognosis. Although targeting …

The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell, which drives it to divide and
produce two new daughter cells. The typical cell cycle in eukaryotes is composed of the …

Despite advances in the treatment of cancers through surgical procedures and new
pharmaceuticals, the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains challenging as …

Most solid tumor cells adapt to their heterogeneous microenvironment by depending largely
on aerobic glycolysis for energy production, a phenomenon called the Warburg effect, which …

The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a crucial role in
regulation of cell survival, metabolism, growth and protein synthesis in response to upstream …