Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway for the clearance of damaged or superfluous
proteins and organelles. The recycling of these intracellular constituents also serves as an …

Mitochondria play an important role in cell death and cardioprotection. During ischemia,
when ATP is progressively depleted, ion pumps cannot function resulting in a rise in calcium …

Mitochondrial oxidative damage contributes to a range of degenerative diseases.
Consequently, the selective inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative damage is a promising …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive combinatorial therapeutic modality using
light, photosensitizer (PS), and oxygen used for the treatment of cancer and other diseases …

Necrosis has been defined as a type of cell death that lacks the features of apoptosis and
autophagy, and is usually considered to be uncontrolled. Recent research suggests …

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that critically control different aspects of innate
and adaptive immunity. Among them we could highlight the release of pro-inflammatory …

Necroptosis, known as programmed necrosis, is a form of caspase-independent, finely
regulated cell death with necrotic morphology. Tumor necrosis, foci of necrotic cell death …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a recently developed anticancer modality utilizing the
generation of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species, through visible light …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) kills infected macrophages by inhibiting apoptosis and
promoting necrosis. The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is a secreted nicotinamide …

As a group of disorders, autoimmunity ranks as the third most prevalent cause of morbidity
and mortality in the W estern W orld. However, the etiology of most autoimmune diseases …