Herein we summarize important discoveries made over many years about Leydig cell
function and regulation. Fetal Leydig cells produce the high levels of androgen (testosterone …

The discovery of kisspeptin as a critical central regulatory factor of GnRH release has given
people a novel understanding of the neuroendocrine regulation in human reproduction …

Chronic energy deficiency can impair the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and
lead to hypothalamic anovulation in underweight women. This review presents the …

BACKGROUND Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process of degrading and recycling
proteins and organelles to modulate various physiological and pathological events …

Obesity, increasing in prevalence globally, is the clinical condition most strongly associated
with lowered testosterone concentrations in men and presents as one of the strongest …

Most animals live under constant threat from predators, and predation has been a major
selective force in shaping animal behaviour. Nevertheless, defence responses against …

Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the key regulator of the reproductive
axis. Its pulsatile secretion determines the pattern of secretion of the gonadotropins follicle …

Glyphosate (GLY), one of the most extensively used herbicides in the world, has been
shown to inhibit testosterone synthesis in male animals. Mitochondria are crucial organelles …

Huggins and Hodges demonstrated the therapeutic effect of gonadal testosterone
deprivation in the 1940s and therefore firmly established the concept that prostate cancer is …

Sex steroids are major promoters of the growth of breast and prostate cancers. This Review
by Poutanen et al. describes the development of treatments for these cancer types that act to …