Noradrenaline, through action on α 1-and α 2-adrenoceptors, is involved in intrinsic control
of pain. Peripheral noradrenaline that is mainly released by the sympathetic nervous system …

In this review, subtypes of functional α1-and α2-adrenoceptors are discussed. These are cell
membrane receptors, belonging to the seven transmembrane spanning G-protein-linked …

Cold constricts cutaneous blood vessels by increasing the reactivity of smooth muscle α2-
adrenergic receptors (α2-ARs). Experiments were performed to determine the role of α2-AR …

The heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) represent the largest and most
diverse family of cell surface receptors and proteins. GPCR are widely distributed in the …

Systemic administration of analgesics can lead to serious adverse side effects
compromising therapeutic benefit in some patients. Information coding pain transmits along …

The adrenergic system is an essential regulator of neuronal, endocrine, cardiovascular,
vegetative, and metabolic functions. The endogenous catecholamines epinephrine and …

Opioids are the most effective analgesics used in the clinical management of cancer pain or
non-cancer pain. However, chronic opioids therapy can cause many side effects including …

Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are disabling conditions that affect
biological, psychological, and social domains of functioning. Clinical research demonstrates …

α2-Adrenergic receptors (α2-ARs) mediate a number of physiological phenomena, including
spinal analgesia. We have developed subtype-selective antisera against the C termini of the …

Meissner corpuscles (MCs) in the glabrous skin of monkey digits have at least three types of
innervation as revealed by immunofluorescence. The previously well known Aαβ-fiber …