Mammalian circadian rhythms are controlled by endogenous biological oscillators, including
a master clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Since the period …

Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood
disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior …

Insomnia is a heritable, highly prevalent sleep disorder for which no sufficient treatment
currently exists. Previous genome-wide association studies with up to 1.3 million subjects …

Light plays a pivotal role in the regulation of affective behaviors. However, the precise
circuits that mediate the impact of light on depressive-like behaviors are not well understood …

The primary circadian pacemaker, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian
brain, is photoentrained by light signals from the eyes through the retinohypothalamic tract …

Light can elicit acute physiological and alerting responses in humans, the magnitude of
which depends on the timing, intensity, and duration of light exposure. Here, we report that …

A rare type of ganglion cell in mammalian retina is directly photosensitive. These novel
retinal photoreceptors express the photopigment melanopsin. They send axons directly to …

Understanding the functions of a brain region requires knowing the neural representations
of its myriad inputs, local neurons and outputs. Primary visual cortex (V1) has long been …

The focus of this article is to review several commonly used methods for the assessment of
circadian rhythms as it relates to circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWDs). 1 It also …

Light can elicit both circadian and acute physiological responses in humans. In a dose
response protocol men and women were exposed to illuminances ranging from 3 to 9100 …