Antigen processing and presentation are the cornerstones of adaptive immunity. B cells
cannot generate high-affinity antibodies without T cell help. CD4+ T cells, which provide …

Dying mammalian cells emit numerous signals that interact with the host to dictate the
immunological correlates of cellular stress and death. In the absence of reactive antigenic …

Liver cancer, more specifically hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the second leading
cause of cancer-related death and its incidence is increasing globally. Around 50% of …

Dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit a specialized antigen-presenting function and play crucial roles
in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Due to their ability to cross-present tumor …

Although immunotherapy research to date has focused largely on T cells, there is mounting
evidence that tumour-infiltrating B cells and plasma cells (collectively referred to as tumour …

Tumours display an astonishing variation in the spatial distribution, composition and
activation state of immune cells, which impacts their progression and response to …

Cellular senescence is a stress response that activates innate immune cells, but little is
known about its interplay with the adaptive immune system. Here, we show that senescent …

Cancer vaccines aim to direct the immune system to eradicate cancer cells. Here we review
the essential immunologic concepts underpinning natural immunity and highlight the …

Recent years have witnessed increasingly rapid advances in nanocarrier-based
biomedicine aimed at improving treatment paradigms for cancer. Nanogels serve as …

Hypoxia, a common feature of the tumor microenvironment in various types of cancers,
weakens cytotoxic T cell function and causes recruitment of regulatory T cells, thereby …