The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Caffeine causes most of its biological effects via antagonizing all types of adenosine
receptors (ARs): A1, A2A, A3, and A2B and, as does adenosine, exerts effects on neurons …

▪ Abstract Adenosine is a modulator that has a pervasive and generally inhibitory effect on
neuronal activity. Tonic activation of adenosine receptors by adenosine that is normally …

Ectonucleotidases are ectoenzymes that hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides to the
respective nucleosides. Within the past decade, ectonucleotidases belonging to several …

In 1929 Drury and Szent-Györgyi published a seminal paper describing the potent actions of
adenine compounds. Some decades later, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was proposed …

Adenosine has several functions within the CNS that involve an inhibitory tone of
neurotransmission and neuroprotective actions in pathological conditions. The …

A. Cellular and Subcellular Localization B. Pharmacological Tools to Study Adenosine
Receptors C. Signaling Via Adenosine Receptors D. Regulation of Receptor Expression and …

Although opioids are highly effective for the treatment of pain, they are also known to be
intensely addictive. There has been a massive research investment in the development of …

Adenosine exerts two parallel modulatory roles in the CNS, acting as a homeostatic
modulator and also as a neuromodulator at the synaptic level. We will present evidence to …

Adenosine is a neuromodulator that operates via the most abundant inhibitory adenosine A
1 receptors (A 1 Rs) and the less abundant, but widespread, facilitatory A 2A Rs. It is …