Elevated levels of diastolic BP and especially systolic BP (SBP) are major risk factors for the
development of HF. 18, 19 One of the most impactful observations from the Framingham …

Statins inhibit the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase,
which is required for cholesterol biosynthesis, and are beneficial in the primary and …

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American
College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice …

The recommendations listed in this document are, whenever possible, evidence based. An
extensive evidence review was conducted through October 2011 and includes selected …

Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, which
are prescribed extensively for cholesterol lowering in the primary and secondary prevention …

AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is one of the key players in maintaining intracellular
homoeostasis. AMPK is well known as an energy sensor and can be activated by increased …

Elderly patients are a special category of patients, due to the physiological changes induced
by age, the great number of comorbidities and drug treatment and last, but not least, to the …

Heart failure (HF) is a serious disease with high mortality. The incidence of this disease has
continued to increase over the past decade. All cardiovascular diseases causing dysfunction …

Over the past 2 decades our understanding of the pathologic mechanisms that lead to heart
failure (HF) has evolved from simplistic hemodynamic models to more complex models that …

Cardiac remodelling is generally accepted as a critical process in the progression of heart
failure. Myocyte hypertrophy, inflammatory responses and cardiac fibrosis are the main …