Climate change is one of the greatest threats to human health in the 21st century. Climate
directly impacts health through climatic extremes, air quality, sea‐level rise, and multifaceted …

Importance Since its introduction in North America in 1999, West Nile virus has produced the
3 largest arboviral neuroinvasive disease outbreaks ever recorded in the United States …

West Nile virus (WNV), the most widely distributed virus of the encephalitic flaviviruses, is a
vector-borne pathogen of global importance. The transmission cycle exists in rural and …

Summary Background In Europe, the frequency, intensity, and geographic range of West
Nile virus (WNV)-outbreaks have increased over the past decade, with a 7.2-fold increase in …

This chapter of the New York City Panel on Climate Change 4 (NPCC4) report considers
climate health risks, vulnerabilities, and resilience strategies in New York City's unique …

The effect of global climate change on infectious disease remains hotly debated because
multiple extrinsic and intrinsic drivers interact to influence transmission dynamics in …

Seasonality is a long-recognized attribute of many viral infections of humans, but the
mechanisms underlying seasonality, particularly for person-to-person communicable …

Abiotic and biotic conditions are both important determinants of West Nile Fever (WNF)
epidemiology. Ambient temperature plays an important role in the growth rates of vector …

Diseases caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as Dengue, West Nile, and
Chikungunya, constitute a major global health burden and are increasing in incidence and …

The life cycles and transmission of most infectious agents are inextricably linked with
climate. In spite of a growing level of interest and progress in determining climate change …