Background Radioresistance is a major factor leading to the failure of radiotherapy and poor
prognosis in tumor patients. Following the application of radiotherapy, the activity of various …

The extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounds cells in the brain, providing structural and
functional support. Emerging studies demonstrate that the ECM plays important roles during …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor regulating
adaptive and maladaptive responses toward exogenous and endogenous signals …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been found to play a decisive role in cancer recurrence,
metastasis, and chemo‑, radio‑and immuno‑resistance. Understanding the mechanism of …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor that mediates
the toxicities of several environmental pollutants. Decades of research have been carried …

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is widely distributed in human cells, and it can form
different signaling pathways with various upstream and downstream proteins, mediate …

Hypoxia in locally advanced solid tumors develops due to uncontrollable cell proliferation,
altered metabolism, and the severe structural and functional abnormality of the tumor …

Hypoxia develops during the growth of solid tumors and influences tumoral activity in
multiple ways. Low oxygen tension is also present in the bone microenvironment where …

Hypoxia arises in most growing solid tumors and can lead to pleotropic effects that
potentially increase tumor aggressiveness and resistance to therapy through regulation of …

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, affecting
hundreds of thousands of people worldwide and can affect people of any age. The …