Social mammals engage in affiliative interactions both when seeking relief from negative
affect and when searching for pleasure and joy. These two motivational states are both …

Undoubtedly, the food intake process is one of the most necessary physiological functions
for the survival of animals and humans. Although; this operation seems simple on the …

The alarming increase in the incidence of obesity and obesity-associated disorders makes
the etiology of obesity a widely studied topic today. As opposed to 'homeostatic feeding' …

The gut microbiome modulates neurochemical function and behavior and has been
implicated in numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including developmental …

The observation of animal orofacial and behavioral reactions has played a fundamental role
in research on reward but is seldom assessed in humans. Healthy volunteers (N= 131) …

The brain responds to macronutrients via intricate mechanisms. We review how the brain's
neural systems implicated in homeostatic control of feeding and hedonic responses are …

The opioid receptors (OR) regulate food intake. Still, despite extensive pre-clinical research,
the overall effects and individual contribution of the mu (MOR), kappa (KOR), and delta …

Excessive intake of food, especially palatable and energy-dense carbohydrates and fats, is
largely responsible for the growing incidence of obesity worldwide. Although there are a …

A large body of literature suggests the occurrence of a dysregulation in both central and
peripheral modulators of appetite in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia …

Humans and animals such as rats and mice tend to overconsume calorie-dense foods, a
phenomenon that likely contributes to obesity. One often-advanced explanation for why we …