Plants evolve to synthesize various natural metabolites to protect themselves against
threats, such as insects, predators, microorganisms, and environmental conditions (such as …

The castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) has been known since time immemorial in traditional
medicine in the pharmacopeia of Mediterranean and eastern ancient cultures. Moreover, it is …

Plants have evolved to synthesize a variety of noxious compounds to cope with unfavorable
circumstances, among which a large group of toxic proteins that play a critical role in plant …

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2. 2.22).
They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There …

This review provides a historical overview of the research on plant ribosome-inactivating
proteins (RIPs), starting from the first studies at the end of eighteenth century involving the …

In cancer treatment, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) can serve as a vehicle for the delivery of
cytotoxic proteins that have intracellular targets but that lack well-defined mechanisms for …

Plant ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) toxins are EC3. 2.2. 22 N-glycosidases, found
among most plant species encoded as small gene families, distributed in several tissues …

Molecular farming in plants is an emerging platform for the production of pharmaceutical
proteins, and host species such as tobacco are now becoming competitive with …

Protein-based targeted toxins play an increasingly important role in targeted tumor
therapies. In spite of their high intrinsic toxicity, their efficacy in animal models is low. A major …

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes (3.2. 2.22) that possess N-glycosilase
activity that irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis. RIPs have been found in plants, fungi …