The antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis is a well-known evolutionary theory to explain the
aging process. It proposes that while a particular gene may possess beneficial effects during …

The pathophysiology of vascular disease is linked to accelerated biological aging and a
combination of genetic, lifestyle, biological, and environmental risk factors. Within the …

In recent years, more scientific data have pointed out the close connection between
intestinal microbial community, nutritional habits, lifestyle, and the appearance of various …

Osteocalcin (OCN) is a bone‐derived and vitamin K dependent hormone that affects energy
metabolism and vascular calcification. The relationship between serum OCN and vascular …

Vasculature plays a key role in bone development and the maintenance of bone tissue
throughout life. The two organ systems are not only linked in normal physiology, but also in …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathology with a high worldwide incidence and an
upward trend affecting the elderly. When CKD is very advanced, the use of renal …

Carbamylation is a nonenzymatic post-translational modification resulting from the reaction
between cyanate, a urea by-product, and proteins. In vivo and in vitro studies have …

Vascular calcification (VC) is a risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic
kidney disease (CKD). Several components influence the occurrence of VC, among which …

Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a metabolic byproduct of indole metabolism. IS readily interacts with
the mitochondrial redox metabolism, leading to altered renal function. The β-carotene …

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause
mortality. Recognition of high-risk patients is important and could lead to a different …