Most bacteria attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces and are embedded in a complex matrix
which is known as biofilm. Biofilm formation is especially worrisome in clinical settings as it …

Antibiotic resistance is currently one of the greatest threats to human health. Widespread
use and residues of antibiotics in humans, animals, and the environment can exert selective …

The biofilm is a bacterial colony wrapped in an auto-produced polymer matrix of
polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. Bacterial biofilms cause persistent infections because …

Leishmania are eukaryotic parasites that have retained the ability to produce extracellular
vesicles (EVs) through evolution. To date, it has been unclear if different DNA entities could …

Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections are exponentially increasing, posing
one of the most urgent global healthcare and economic threats. Due to the lack of new …

Gram-negative bacteria release Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) into the extracellular
environment. Recent studies recognized these vesicles as vectors to horizontal gene …

Introduction Metastasis is an important cause of high mortality and lethality of oral cancer.
Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) can promote tumour metastasis. Outer membrane vesicles …

The emergence and global epidemic of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious
threat to global public health in recent years. AMR genes are shared between bacterial …

The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance seriously compromise the clinical
efficacy of current antibiotic therapies, representing a serious public health threat worldwide …

Bacterial or fungal membrane vesicles, traditionally considered as microbial metabolic
wastes, are secreted mainly from the outer membrane or cell membrane of microorganisms …