Rheumatic diseases and disorders (RDDs) are a group of chronic autoimmune diseases
that are collectively called" multicausal diseases". They have resulted from predisposing …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is consistently recognized as a threat to living organisms,
especially for human beings. For proper working of cellular signaling, functioning, and …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by severe joint damage
and disability. However, the specific mechanism of RA has not been thoroughly clarified …

Angiogenesis is a highly regulated multiscale process that involves a plethora of cells, their
cellular signal transduction, activation, proliferation, differentiation, as well as their …

Background: Calciprotein particles (CPPs) are associated with the development of vascular
calcifications in chronic kidney disease. The role of endothelial cells (ECs) in this process is …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are radical oxygen intermediates that serve as important
second messengers in signal transduction. However, when the accumulation of these …

Atherothrombosis, a multifactorial and multistep artery disorder, represents one of the main
causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development and progression of …

Nano plastics (NPs) have been a significant threat to human health and are known to cause
premature endothelial senescence. Endothelial senescence is considered one of the …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, is the leading
cause of global death. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a strong predictor for most CVD …

Creatine is an organic compound, consumed exogenously in the diet and synthesized
endogenously via an intricate inter-organ process. Functioning in conjunction with creatine …